Most
problems can be avoided by a step-wise approach to designing a model. The
analytic element method is particularly suitable for step-wise modeling since
the modeler does not have to commit to a grid or mesh design at the start of
model construction. Define global aquifer properties based on data in your area
of interest (Model>Settings>Aquifer). Introduce the main streams
and lakes in near field and far field with no more than say 100 line-sinks. Add
one recharge inhomogeneity, for instance a big rectangle with four line
elements, over the far field and near field. -------Now try to solve!
------------Test the plotting of potentiometric contours and pathlines. Add
test points (points with known heads). Once everything works as expected take
the following step. Gradually build up
the model, adding near field and far field features where necessary. Solve
again. Add major inhomogeneity domains, solve after each one you entered. Add
resistance to some critical line-sinks in the near field only. Solve again. Constantly
solve while you build up complexity. Keep the model as small as reasonable.
Small models solve faster and are more stable. Avoid unnecessary resistance
line-sinks and stream features. They make the solution less stable! Think of
the following:
·
A base map, included in the project file, does not appear.
·
Check to see all maps are referenced to the same coordinate system.
·
The map may be outside the window. Zoom to Extents to see if the
map shows up.
·
Use the Reproject BBM option on the Tools menu to bring
all BBMs in a single UTM zone or State Plane coordinate system.
·
Base maps derived from DXF or DWG files are not positioned properly,
they appear to have been shifted or rescaled.
·
This most often results from cutting and pasting layers in a CAD
program. If you want to select one or more layers from a large DXF or DWG file
and save them in separate files you must take special precautions to preserve
the correct global coordinates, both the origin and the scale. The following
procedure may help you accomplish this.
Make a copy of the original file and open it in a CAD program. Lock
the layer you want to store in another file. Next on the Edit menu Select
All and Delete. This will leave you with the desired layer. Save the
file under an appropriate name. You may repeat this procedure for other layers.
If you want to combine the layers in a single file use the Insert option
and specify the filename of the layer to be inserted. We found this procedure
to preserve the origin and scale of the layers.
·
Maps may also occur in the wrong coordinate system or UTM zone. Use the Reproject
BBM option on the Tools menu to bring all BBMs in a single UTM zone
or State Plane coordinate system.
Problems with Printing
·
Print option is not available.
·
You are running the Educational Version, which does not support
printing or export of graphics. You may copy the graphics screen to the Clipboard
and Paste it as a bitmap in a document. Select Edit>Copy to
Clipboard and open the document in which you want to paste the graphics.
·
Printer option does not respond to Portrait and Landscape
setting or Paper Size setting.
·
The GFLOW printer options are ignored under Windows NT and 2000. When
printing under Windows NT or 2000 you must select these options directly for
the network printer. Select Start>Settings>Printer and right-click
on the network printer in use to select Properties. Click on Preferences
and make the desired selections.
·
The results table shows calculated and specified headsDefPiezometrichead at line-sinksDefLinesinks that differ significantly.
·
Check that no specified heads (for line-sink strings) are lower than the
aquifer
baseDefAquiferbase. This is particularly
important when you have changed the aquifer base elevation.
·
Check that specified heads are correct. Particularly, check that
successive line-sink strings do not have a very large difference in head due to
an input error.
·
A very likely error is the introduction of data in the wrong units!
·
Make sure you are not looking at line-sinks with a specified resistance.
These must show differences in the SpecifiedHead and CalculatedHead.
To verify the accuracy of these line-sinks look in the Error column,
which shows the difference in the actual extraction rate of the line-sink and
the one based on the difference in head across the resistance layer.
·
The results table shows large errors in the error column of resistance
specified line-sinks.
·
Large (relative) errors in resistance specified line-sinks may be due to
the fact that the line-sink has a very low sink density (“discharge”), in which
case the error is inconsequential.
·
Make sure that you do not have resistance specified line-sinks in the far-fieldDefFarfield. All line-sinks in the
far-field must have zero width, depth and resistance!
·
You model may not have been solved completely. Select Model>Continue
Solve for additional iterations.
·
The results table shows large errors in inhomogeneity domains.
·
Check that the heads near the domain are above the aquifer base.
·
Make sure you use sufficiently small line elements in areas where the
head varies a lot.
·
Make sure there are no sharp corners, particularly not in combination
with large elements. Refine the domain by using smaller elements (adding
vertices) and rounding off the corners.
·
Domains with a very low hydraulic conductivity tend to generate
inaccurate solutions. You may try to replace such a domain with a closed Horizontal BarrierDefHorizontalbarrier with a zero hydraulic
conductivity (no-flow boundary).
Conjunctive Surface Water and Groundwater Solution
does not converge
Even after 10 or more iterations the streamflow
solution (Solver messages in the Solver box and in the Run Time Message File)
keeps reporting negative streamflows or under- or over-infiltrating line-sinks.
Here are some things to consider.
·
A conjunctive surface water and groundwater solution requires a well-
posed groundwater flow problem. For instance, if insufficient water is
available to supply a well field, the aquifer near the well field will become
dry (heads at the aquifer base) and a highly inaccurate surface water and
groundwater solution may be the result. To check for this condition, uncheck
the Conjunctive Surface Water – Groundwater Solution on the Model>Setting>Solver
tab. Redo a solution (groundwater only) using 4 to 6 iterations and check for
recharging stream sections in the near fieldDefNearfield. If many stream sections recharge the aquifer,
limiting that recharge to the available streamflow (during a conjunctive solution)
may cause the aquifer to dry up.
·
Stream features (line-sink strings with the box Use Streamflow
Routing checked on the Routing tab of the line-sink dialog box)
should only occur in the near fieldDefNearfield. Stream features in the far fieldDefFarfield are meaningless and almost
certainly to cause solution instabilities, preventing the conjunctive solution
to converge.
·
The Solver creates stream networks by coupling line-sinks strings that
are defined as stream features as follows. If the End Stream box on the Routing
tab of the line-sink dialog box is not checked, the Solver will link the
downstream end of the string (end with the lowest specified head) to the
nearest line-sink with a lower head that occurs in a nearby line-sink string
that is declared a stream feature. Two errors may occur: (1) the line-sink
string may be intended to form the end of a stream or stream network, but the End
Stream box is inadvertently unchecked and (2) the specified heads along the
line-sinks strings may be inaccurate causing an incorrect link. Verify these
conditions in your stream network, even if the solution does converge.
·
Under certain conditions one or more line-sinks in a stream network may
alternatingly be included and excluded during successive iterations. This
prevents a completely converged solution, but the residual errors (e.g.
negative streamflow) may be sufficiently small to accept the solution. The
small residual negative streamflow may than be interpreted as zero streamflow.
This situation is very likely to occur in large extensive stream networks, see
for instance the example project file Columbus.gfl in the directory example2.
The problem can sometimes be avoided by refining the stream network in the
problem area, for instance by adding some vertices and improving the head
distribution.
·
Inhomogeneity domains with a jump in the aquifer base result in
non-linear equations under unconfined conditions. The more equations that are
non-linear (resistance line-sinks, stream features, base jump inhomogeneities)
the less stable the solution procedure. The solution procedure may be improved
by providing an estimate of the average head along the perimeter of each base
jump inhomogeneity. This average head may be set on the Inhomogeneity dialog
box, check the box in front of Provide estimate of average head. The
Solver will adopt a special strategy when that box is checked. First, the base
jump will be replaced by a jump in the hydraulic conductivity, maintaining the
same jump in the transmissivity. The average head is used as the aquifer top to
calculate the transmissivity. During the number of iterations specified on Model>Settings>Solver
the base jump inhomogeneities are treated as k jump inhomogeneities. This will
improve solution stability. After the specified number of iterations are
completed the base jumps are restored (replacing the k jumps) and three more
iterations are added to polish the solution. If needed, you may add more
iterations by selecting Model>Continue Solve. When a Continue
Solve command is given, the base jumps are maintained.
I just ran my model, but I see no contour lines DefContourlines!
·
Verify that the Contours option is checked on the View menu.
·
Verify that the Show Contours box under the Contouring tab of the Settings option on the Model menu is checked.
·
Verify that the minimum, maximum, and interval data under the Contouring tab (Settings on the Model menu) are within the proper
range of expected potentiometric headDefPiezometrichead values.
·
Verify that heads are above the aquifer base using the Instant
Inspector feature; place the mouse pointer where you want to look at the
head and do a Shift left-click to open a data panel with local
properties and model output.
Occasionally ragged contour linesDefContourlines occur after a solution. These
may be due to (1) a potentiometric head surface that drops below the aquifer
base, or (2) the presence of a Horizontal BarrierDefHorizontalbarrier.
·
Ragged contour lines surrounding a well or several wells are usually due
to over pumping. The headsDefPiezometrichead are drawn down to the aquifer baseDefAquiferbase in the area surrounding the well,
causing a few ragged contour lines with levels close to that of the aquifer
base elevation. Make sure that you used the proper data in the proper units for
the aquifer
thicknessDefSaturatedaquiferthickness, hydraulic conductivityDefHydraulicconductivity, and pumping rate of the well
(check your unit conversions).
·
Ragged contour lines may also occur close to a Horizontal BarrierDefNo-flowboundary. If the bundled up contours
near the barrier show a regular pattern then they are usually not of any concern.
The barrier generates a jump in the head across itself. The contouring routine,
however, tries to make a smooth potentiometric head surface across the barrier,
which results in bundled up contour lines that may be ragged close to the
barrier. Irregular contours near
barriers may, however, indicate a poor solution, see next topic.
Inaccurate contours or path lines
Problem: Contours appear to miss known mounds or cones of
depression and path lines appear to miss expected turns or unexpectedly cross
over features (e.g. a no-flow boundary). This problem is particularly evident
when contouring and tracing in zoomed out views.
Cause: The resolution of the contour grid and the step
size during path line traces are defaulted to values derived from the window
dimensions. This default grid spacing and step size may be too coarse for the
problem at hand, causing inaccurate results in the contour patterns and
particle traces.
Remedy: To improve the contouring results, select the
radial button Detailed on Model>Settings>Contouring. This
will increase the grid resolution from 40 horizontal points to 80 horizontal
points. The number of vertical points in the grid depends on the aspect ratio
of the window. GFLOW uses the same grid spacing horizontally and vertically. To
improve the particle tracing results, deselect Use Default Step Size of on Model>Settings>Tracing and
type in a smaller step size (e.g. factor 10 lower than default). Note: zooming
in will automatically reduce the default grid spacing and the default step size
and improve the accuracy of the contour plot and the particle traces.
·
Verify that the Show Paths under the Path Lines option on the View menu is checked.
·
Verify that the box for Compute Particle Paths under the Tracing tab of the Settings option on the Model menu is checked.
·
Make sure that there is a finite saturated thicknessDefSaturatedaquiferthickness left near the well. In other
words, that the well is not pumped dry with headsDefPiezometrichead at or near the aquifer baseDefAquiferbase. The well will be colored green
in that event!
·
Make sure that the path lineDefPathlines or lines do not end in an area where the head is at
or near the aquifer base. The path line would end there prematurely.
·
Make sure that a proper Maximum Travel Time has been specified on
Model>Settings>Tracing. Too small a travel time may plot path
lines too short to notice.
·
Remember that GFLOW traces particles in three-dimensions. Make sure that
when tracing backward in time you set the starting elevation of the particle below
the saturated aquifer top. Under confined flow conditions this means underneath
the aquifer top. Under unconfined flow conditions this means underneath the
water table (head in the model). When tracing back in time a particle at the
aquifer top wants to leave the aquifer, moving against the incoming recharge.
This leads to an abort of the particle trace after the first step. To prevent
the particle to reach the surface, set the particle starting elevation equal to
the (local) aquifer base elevation.
Problem: After extracting a MODFLOW model from GFLOW and
using MODPATH to trace particle paths, the path lines for a given time of
travel are either longer or shorter than those in the original GFLOW model.
Cause:
MODFLOW is a groundwater flow model that does not use the porosity of
the aquifer for its calculations. In view of this MODFLOW does not import
porosity values for its cells. Depending on the default values in the
MODFLOW/MODPATH graphical user interface the porosity values provided to
MODPATH may be larger or smaller than what was specified in GFLOW. As a result
the path line traces for a particular time of travel are shorter or longer,
respectively, than those in GFLOW.
Remedy:
Manually set the porosity in the MODFLOW/MODPATH graphical user interface to
correspond with the value or values in GFLOW. Be aware that inhomogeneity
domains in GFLOW may or may not have been given differing porosity values,
which must be manually duplicated in the MODFLOW/MODPATH model.
Inaccurate
solutions near barriers manifest themselves by groups of circular or elliptical
potentiometric head contours near sections of the barrier. Streamlines may
weave back and forth across the barrier. In some cases the aquifer falls dry at
one or more places near the barrier. Do not mistake a regular pattern of
bundled up potentiometric contours for a poor solution! Barriers do generate a
jump in the head across the barrier, which is manifested by bundled up
contours. A good indication of a poor solution is when the error for the total
flow across the barrier varies a lot between iterations and does not
converge on a single value (see the Run Time Message file by selecting
it from the View Model Run Files option on the Model menu). These
inaccurate solutions do not imply that the specified conditions along the
barriers are not met. Consequently, the % errors reported for the successive
iterations may be rather low.
Below
follow some suggestions to avoid or fix poor solutions.
·
Make sure that open barriers have smaller elements near the ends. Refine
the barrier by adding vertices near the ends.
·
Make sure that open or closed leaky barriers have sufficient
elements, particularly when specifying a relatively high conductivity or when
the barrier is partially penetrating. Refine the barrier by adding vertices and
round off sharp corners.
·
Avoid crossing barriers with inhomogeneity domain boundaries. If you do
need to make such a crossing, use progressively smaller elements near the
crossing for both the barrier and the inhomogeneity.
Make
sure the barrier is fully penetrating. The default bottom elevation on the
barrier dialog box is equal to the aquifer base as set on the Aquifer
tab on Model>Settings. However, when the barrier occurs inside an
inhomogeneity with a lower aquifer base the bottom of the barrier must be
lowered accordingly to keep it fully penetrating.
·
Check that inhomogeneity
domains or closed horizontal barriers do not have overlapping section or
coinciding vertices. This is often caused by not properly entering the domain.
Closed domains are entered by left-clicking at locations where a vertex is to
occur. The last vertex to be entered is the one from which a line element
extends to the first vertex entered to close the domain. DO NOT MOVE THE CURSOR
TO THE STARTING VERTEX AND LEFT_CLICK!! This will create a duplicate vertex.
Instead, after having entered the last vertex with a left-click, right-click on
the same vertex to close the domain. To search for duplicate vertices zoom in
on that part of the domain boundary where the first vertex is and check that
there are no unintended vertices that cause the domain to overlap itself.